2020年自考00838語言與文化復(fù)習資料（2）

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        Chapter 2. Words and Meaning

           1. What are words and meaning?

        Word(it is intuitively recognizable are basic units of meaning. )

        Meaning (words represent meaning. It is included conceptual meaning and associative meaning.)

        Conceptual Meaning(概念)(is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units.)

        Associative meaning included the contents as follow:

        Connotative meaning(內(nèi)涵意義): (is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. Such as “women”)

        Social meaning(社會意義): it is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Such as “residence” and “domicile”)

        Affective meaning(情感意義): is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language

        Reflected meaning(影射含義): it is arises in words of multiple conceptual meaning. When one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Such as “the Comforter” and “the Holy Ghost” are all refer to the God.

        Collocative meaning(配置意義): it is consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.

        Thematic meaning(專題意義): it is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis. Such as active sentences and passive meaning.

           2. Words and conceptual meaning

        2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning

          2.1.1 Words and geography

          The United States of America    美利堅合眾國

          The Mississippi              蜜西西河

          Superior                  蘇必利爾湖

          Niagara Falls               尼亞加拉大瀑布

          Rocky Mountains              落磯水脈

          Washington                  華盛頓

          Poke                     美洲商陸(植物名)

          Terrapin                  北美泥龜

          The United Kingdom of Great    大不列顛及北愛爾蘭

          Britain and Northern Ireland      聯(lián)合王國

          The Thames                    泰晤士河

          The Channel                   英吉利海峽

          England                      英格蘭

          London                        倫敦

          The Commonwealth of Australia  澳大利亞聯(lián)邦

          New South Wales            新南威爾士

          Great Barrier Reef           大保礁

          Great Victoria Desert       大維多利亞沙漠

          Canberra                  勘培拉

          Koala                    考拉熊

          Kangaroo                   袋鼠

          2.1.2 Words and history

        The May Flower(五月花)

          The Revolutionary War or War of Independence(獨立戰(zhàn)爭)

          Continental Congress(大陸會議)

          Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言)

          Homestead Act(宅地法案)

          Scalp(剝帶發(fā)頭皮)

          Lynch(私刑)

          Cowboy(牛仔)

          Hippie(嬉皮士)

          Duke(公爵)

          Knight(騎士)

          Glorious Revolution(光榮革命)

          Castle(城堡)

          Fort(要塞或堡壘式的貿(mào)易站)

          2.1.3 Words and Politics

          United States

          President(總統(tǒng))

          Congress(國會)

          Supreme Court(高級法院)

          Democratic Party(美國民主黨)

          Republican Party(美國共和黨)

          Britain

        Queen(女王)

          Prime Minister(首相)

          Parliament(議會)

          Labour Party(工黨)

          Conservative Party(保守黨)

          Governor-General(總督)

          2.1.4 Words and Christianity

          Trinity(三位一體)

          Bible(圣經(jīng))

          Catholic(天主教)

          Orthodox Eastern Church(東正教)

          Reformation(宗教改革)

          Protestant(新教徒)

          Puritan(清教徒)

          Mass(彌撒)

          2.1.5 Words and Holidays

        Christmas box(圣誕節(jié)禮)

          Christmas Card(圣誕賀卡)

          Christmas tree(圣誕樹)

          Christmas pudding(圣誕布丁)

          Christmas rose(圣誕玫瑰)

          Christmastide(圣誕節(jié)節(jié)期)

          Thanksgiving Day(感恩節(jié))

          Boxing Day(節(jié)禮日)

          Easter(復(fù)活節(jié))

          St. Valentine’s Day(情人節(jié))

          April Fool’s Day(愚人節(jié))

          Anzac Day(新澳軍團日)

          2.1.6 Words and living styles

          Hot dog(熱狗)

          Hamburger(漢堡包)

          Sandwich(三明治)

          Pudding(布丁)

          Salad(沙拉)

          Whisky(威士忌)

          Cocktail(雞尾酒)

          Drive-ins 汽車的

          Diners (用餐)

        Baseball (壘球)

        Rugby(橄欖球)

        Hockey(曲棍球)

        Water skiing(滑水)

        Polo(馬球)

        Golf(高爾夫球)

        Striptease(***)

        Love store(色情商店)

        X-rated sexploitation movies()

        Late-late TV shows

        2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equivalents in Chinese.

        Intellectuals (知識分子)

        Social sciences (社會科學)

        A Yard(院子) Quadrangle Courtyards (四合院)

        Drugstore(AE) Chemist’s shop (BE)(藥店)

        Grandfather

        Grandmother

        Father

        Father-in-law

        Mother-in-law

        Brother

        Sister

        Son

        Daughter

        Grandson

        Granddaughter

        Uncle

        Aunt

        Nephew

        Niece

        Cousin

        Chauvinist pig: 大男子主義

        Dude, athlete, macho, stud, hunk, Don Juan, playboy, egotist fatty bagger: 裝酷,受女性歡迎的, 自我中心主義者.

        Turkey, nerd, jerk, prick, bastard, pimp, skinhead, redneck dog: 令人討厭的,古怪的

        Wimp, sissy, homosexual, queer, gay, hippie: 奇怪的, 同性戀者.

        Couchwarmer:

        Ladies’ man

        Man, boy, guy, fellow, gentleman, boyfriend, fiancé, lover, sweet heart: 指男性的

        2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their equivalents in Chinese.

        Greenhouse(溫室)

        Busywork(耗時而無價值的工作)

        Busman’s holiday(消磨于與日常工作類似這活動的假日)

        Busybody(愛管閑事的人)

        Housewarming(喬遷之喜)

        Donkeywork(單調(diào)的日常工作)

        Police action(維和行動)

        Lowboy(矮腳抽屜柜)

        Free love(公開同居)

        First Lady(第一夫人)

        High school(中學)

        Rest room(公共建筑物內(nèi)的洗水間,廁所)

        Equalitarianism or egalitarianism(平均主義)

        Lover(情人)

        Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)

        Cooker(炊事用具)

        Wester(西風)

        2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formation

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